~ Design boards ~

~ Module evaluation ~

This module has been the most enjoyable of the year so far; it's allowed me to develop my writing, researching and the skill to take my discoveries and personal opinions and produce work as a solution/reaction to this. In particular this module has increased my knowledge of equality, sexual freedom and oppression within society and the ways the creative industries link with this. It's a topic i'm really interested in; my passion for the topic meant everything I read and designed for this was enjoyable and I could put myself in the place of the target audience. My increased interest in philosophy and theory also informed my essay and practical work within this module. To be able to discover that link between contextual studies, society and social justice and produce the visual coverage of huge events is something that extends my practice and abilities as a designer. Also to be able to visually communicate and produce aesthetic value informed by research, target audience, context and appropriation.

My research into the sexual revolution lead to the exploration of feminism and the objectification and sexualisation of the female body in the media. Producing work as a reaction to social issues is something that is morally rewarding for me as a designer; it makes me think about my personal ethics as a creative and how they will affect my practice as a whole throughout my career. Engaging with topics that matter through my practice rather than just working for aesthetic is much more beneficial and means my work will have much more impact on society in positive ways. This module has helped me think of graphic design as a possible tool in terms of activism and creating a visual voice. 

The production of my final practical outcome was an area I wanted to push into making the most informed and visually complete as possible. I created an overall brand and campaign structure for the concept of Va-January; this then lead to the production of a range of deliverables. I considered web, print and physical outcomes and promotional material that needed to be designed to ensure the success of a campaign of this nature. Producing a resolution to a problem that I feel affects me as a woman really excites me and creates a path I would like my future practice to follow. The idea of writing my dissertation loosely about queer culture and the lack of media representation of social minorities in turn is something that i'm passionate about as once again I feel it effects me and society hugely in a negative way. The idea that my resolutions could be heard and recognised as valuable opinion is massive and pushes me to extend my contextual knowledge about similar issues as much as possible.

One thing I will aim to improve in my contextual studies is the range of content I read. I need to expand my base and knowledge of writers and influential thinkers particularly contemporary examples. I find it easy to get caught up in historical facts and events and need to ensure my reading material includes current topics and opinions to ensure my work is appropriate to the time. I have come across sources of information now that will stay with me through my interest in important topics. 

Overall this module has allowed me to produce a well researched essay and body of practical work that directly addresses the main issues I felt were relevant to modern day society. I created a whole concept and range of outcomes much more well rounded and considered than past briefs; it demonstrates my increasing experiance with integrating design with many different platforms, elements and broadening my horizons and not limiting myself to digital outcomes. I am really proud of the final outcome and you can see how each design decision was well informed and considered making it successfully appropriate.

~ COP 3 proposal ~

Possible questions - 

Question 1: What is Good? - To what extent does Social Responsibility impact on the role 
and function of Graphic Design?

Question 2: To what extent do the individual politics of professional practitioners impact 
on the role and function of Graphic Design

Question 3: In an era of globalization, to what extent do contemporary Graphic Design
practices reflect core British Values?

Question 4: To what extent do Technological developments in production and distribution 
impact on Graphic Design ?

Question 5: To what extent does Aesthetic ‘Style’ reflect the context, audience and/or 
function of contemporary Graphic Design?

Question 6: To what extent has Graphic Design constructed our understanding or view 
of historical events and perceptions of truth?

I know that my biggest interest based upon these questions is number 1. I have a great interest and also current knowledge on Social Responsibility so this will be my chosen avenue of research. 

Possible avenues of more specific research within this category include -

- Gender politics
- Representation of minorities
- Keeping a clean planet - nature, recycling etc.

The topic of social responsibility can be split into 3 main categories; economical responsibility, ethical responsibility and ecological responsibility. Out of these I am most interested in the ethical issues and their impact on the role and function of graphic design. My main avenue of research within this will be representation of social minorities within visual culture. My personal interest in this topic is due to the lack of representation of transgender and homosexual people within film, TV and popular media; it lacks role models, positive ideas of relationships and mental stability for young individuals. It also means general society are not fully exposed to the idea of non cis and heterosexual people; creating a less accepting and understanding environment. I aim to not just explore this topic but also look into the representation of ethnic minorities and disabled people also as they are just as much affected by the issue. I want my question to be direct in its approach to the issues I will tackle within the dissertation. Possible wording for this could be...

To what extent does representation of social minorities effect the role and function of visual culture?

The initial aim of it is more direct but I have chosen to use ‘visual culture’ as my essay will address advertising, film and TV alongside graphic design.

The lack of representation of social minorities is important to graphic designers as when creating work it must be a consideration; who to photograph, who to illustrate, whats the target audience? 

I want to show the negative effects this lack of current representation has on society as a whole. The young impressionable members of the minority groups who feel they have nobody on TV who looks or thinks the way they do. But also the impact is has on the rest of society in their opinion of these minority social groups as a result of lack of information.

The recent addition of multiple skin colour choices in Apples emoji keyboard will be in interesting case study within this essay. It’s a big step for Apple as they are the first to do so and its concerning that it’s an afterthought rather than a conscious initial design decision; it’s most likely this lack in representation is down to the graphic designer behind them.

It’s fair to say my interest in this topic began with the recently trending hashtag ‘wedeservebetter’. The current public discussion about the issue means my sources of information for the essay will be contemporary and still relevant giving me a much more accurate sense of the problem. 

The hashtag arised after a character from the TV show ‘The 100’ was killed and the LGBT community rised against the director in the name of lack of representation. The fan art, online campaigns and even websites (wedeservebetter.com) will all be a brilliant starting point for the essay and practical body of work produced alongside it.

http://issuu.com/izzieglazzard/docs/cop_3_proposal

~ Essay final draft ~

This essay will address the exploitation of sexuality within the media and creative industries. It will look at both negative and positive consequences and effects this has on society in western culture. The sexual revolution is historically classified as a time between the 1960’s to the 1980’s as the aftereffect of investigation and scientific research into sexual reaction by Masters and Johnson. It lead to the embrace of female sexual pleasure and the acceptance of promiscuity. This essay will look at sexual revolution as a more broad term; exploring both historical and contemporary effects seen in recent changes to society's attitude to things such as fetish, female sexuality, gender fluidity, homosexuality etc. Yet in contrast it will also analyse the possible negative effects it caused such as the objectification of the female body and even the appearance of the campaign group PIE (the paedophile information exchange).

The sexual revolution opened up the world to many movements of strong, sexually empowered women wanting to share their opinions with the world; such as The Guerrilla Girls, the women of the Young British Artists and the more contemporary free the nipple campaign. These liberated movements are now commonly known as the second wave feminists; the goals of which being access to better jobs with equal pay and the eradication of discriminatory laws. The Guerilla girls are a brilliant example of a feminist activist group fighting for gender and race equality as a result of the revolution particularly within the creative industries.

1989

2012

This image is an example of one of the Guerrilla Girls campaigns in an attempt for the Met. Museum to hold more exhibitions by women artists. The posters were plastered onto the building and surrounding areas, as a result the figures increased and more women artists were accepted into many large galleries but since 1989 when the poster was made the amount of women in the Met.Museum has actually decreased to 4%. These statistics are proof of some of the inequalities women still face within the creative industries.

Another issue women now face post-revolution is the sexual objectification and negative oppression seen within the creative advertising industry. This new found idea that sex sells has transformed the advertising industry using submissive figures and examples of women to entice men and encourage women to change their attitudes to themselves - in turn creating sales;

               “Nowhere is this clearer than in advertising which has responded to feminist

                critiques by constructing a new figure to sell to young women: the sexually

                autonomous heterosexual young woman who plays with her sexual power

                and is forever 'up for it'.” (Gill.R, pg.9)  Women are now recognised equally as sexual beings but instead this has culturally been flipped into a negative “She is not an autonomous being but an object for a man’s erotic needs, his comforts and for procreation” (Frankl.G, pg.140)  This repression of women is overt within the advertising industry therefore reinforcing the idea men are the dominants.

This advertisement for Burger King shows an example of the oppression and over-sexualisation used to objectify women. The woman in this image has been posed and modeled to look similar to that of a blow up sex doll along with the sexually suggestive tagline of ‘it’ll blow your mind away’. The advert has been created as a shock tactic, irrespective of gender it's likely to make people look twice in passing and successfully draw negative attention to the product; creating a male gaze. The negative connotations of this advert are the conscious societal opinion of women this creates, women become an object of advertising and an object of pleasure rather than an equal to men. A less conscious negativity of this is that passing women see the objectification and perception of femininity in advertising sexualised in this way and the bombardment of it all creates an ideology to conform to this nature. It creates a culture of many men who feel it's socially and morally acceptable to think of women as submissive and can cause women to feel abnormal if they don't carry themselves as belongings and lesser figures to men: history repeating itself using physiognomy to create social order.

The backlash against sexual inequality within art and literature is extremely prominent. The use of sexuality within the creative industry is not completely negative; depending on the artist in question it’s often embraced and used to empower women. Particularly among feminist artists who are accepted and embraced within the public eye who turn this into something liberating; examples such as Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, Maud Fernhout etc. Of course this emergence of activists and artists expressing their thirst for equality and change creates opposition.

       “Hello Guerrilla Girls or Guerrilla cunts. I have read your anti-white chauvinistic,

        sexist statements concerning men who far exceed your talents in painting.

        Why should we purchase your pms paintings? From what i’ve seen in some

        photos, your talents are truly lacking. Women love to downgrade men to compensate

         for their insecurities and weakness…” (Girls.G, pg.92)

The misunderstanding of feminism is that the movement hates men and aims to achieve a society ran by women. An example of an artist with a feminist voice proving the point it's not a movement aiming for female dominance is photographer Ben Hopper; who represents the male feminist community in heading equal body campaigns encouraging women to embrace their natural selves. This is an mis-informed opinion, the feminist movement strives for equality in important issues such as equal pay, maternity leave, sexual harassment etc. Just because the name is derived from the female pronoun it doesn't mean female dominance. The approaches to feminism can be aggressively critical of men in general but others are very inclusive and aim to address broader issues than gender such as racism, homophobia, male rape and transphobia in order to create a morally equal society. Once again opinions like this one make it apparent the sexual revolution is not over as recognising that women have sexual needs and pleasure was the tip of the iceberg and has opened up many new issues in contemporary culture. But historically mass media feeds one opinion of sexual revolution in the aim of repressing uprising, change and ultimate freedom of sexual being, so the journey may be long yet.

The honest approach to female sexuality and the eradication of objectification is something literature, creative direction and social media (blogs) are more recently distributing to the world. “I became keenly aware that I was wearing a shirt and he was not. That didn’t seem fair.” (Dunham.L, pg.72); young writers like Lena Dunham are using their honest personal experiences of being persecuted and treated differently just because of gender and how nowadays although less laws bind women to a submissive position, society still often shuns those who fight it. An issue however with new wave feminism and the structure its began to take is the misconception that for a woman to be successful she must be aggressive, strong and typically ‘male’ in their personality; “That attitude towards gender works to diminish and narrow what women are and can become” (Levrant.S, pg.238) It’s possible that the label of feminist itself is off putting for many and could in turn have a negative effect in terms of false judgement.

Although many of Freud's theories of sexual deviancy and the physocological routes of our seuxal aims are now considered wrong (due to newer theories such as phallocentrism, Carl Jung’s theories and other theorists that considered themselves ‘neo- freudian’) they can still  be used to explain why many people are closed minded when it comes to equality. “The man is convinced that the woman needs him, that without him she will lose all moral control and rapidly descend to a deplorable level” (Freud.S, pg.5) Freud's theories explain how a man's attachment to his mother (the oedipus complex) leads to his relationship to women as he develops. His core physiology is one reason he feels superior to the woman but it's the manipulation of this by the advertising, film industries and general society that evolves these basic feelings into the dominance of the male figure. Contemporary education systems are also created to prevent revolution, change and uprising to ‘the norms’. The hierarchy of ‘genius’ and ‘people learning’ restricts future generations from expressing their own thoughts and the change in social construct from being easy.

In contrast another development in sexual revolution that affects the creative industry is the acceptance and increase consciousness of fetish, non-monogamous relationships and ‘deviant behaviour’. A possible explanation for say interpersonal relationships can be explained briefly by Jaques Lacan’s mirror theory. A significant part of his theory discusses the difference between needs and desires. Needs are physical things like hunger that can ultimately be sustainably satisfied, desires such as love are unsatible. Insatiable desire leads to experimentation that strays from the social constructs that depict ‘vanilla’ sex; Freud says our physical desires are representative of unconscious desires and people consume object things they desire in attempt to feed the hunger for the unconscious desires. Freud's defines fetishism as the ‘replacement of the sexual object’ this is subjective to both the upbringing and early life experiences of the individual and current circumstance. For example a common occurrence of sadism in men “Most men’s sexuality reveals a certain quantity of aggression, of the inclination to overpower” (Freud. S, pg.38). In contrast men who work in positions of power (managers etc.) experience masochism as a relief and way to feel free of all responsibility. The facts of reasons these sexual ‘deviances’ occur are debatable but the real importance is the free place they're taking within contemporary society in the form of art, film, documentary; it's certainly a huge change from the pre revolutionised society that will continue to impact people. The continuous exposure to which will impact the acceptance of such things therefore impacting our own relationships and sexual desires.

The commonplace of fetish (example 50 shades of grey) within society is a questionable development but is key to fully understanding sexuality. These images ('Leather Top' Noemie Lenoir & Dylan Garner by Xevi Muntane for Ponystep FW 11.12) are among the increasing advertising campaigns adapting the recent acceptance of fetishism into a shock advertising tactic: in this case female domination/male masochism. This appearance of fetishism in advertising is a clear example of how far the boundaries of sexualisation within the media is being pushed in contemporary advertising. The normalisation of this arguably could be positive in revolutionising the way we think about sexual freedom and fetish. On the other hand arguments against fetishism discussing it as being a ‘perversion’ should also be considered; Freud states “a fetishistic condition is required of the sexual object if the sexual goal is to be accomplished”, this is a possible negative of the introduction of fetish to people's lives, in cases it makes people's sex drives reliant on their fetish; something many psychologists believe is unhealthy.

Yet another element of sexuality impacted upon by the creative industries is gender fluidity and same sex attraction. For instance being gay was frowned upon and even illegal in England until 1967 but the protest (much of it visual through gay awareness and pride posters) for rights and exposure of homosexualites normality has lead to more freedom. The increase representation of non cis & heterosexual characters within fictional media is also step in the right direction in terms of equality; although it is nowhere near hitting figures realistic of statistics.

The appearance of homosexuality equality within the contemporary creative industries has become more prominent post sexual revolution, “Same sex eroticism became a particular issue in art between the Stonewall rebellion in New York in 1969 and the first gay rights march in Washington in 1979” (Mahon.A pg.215) The ethical battle to change opinions and laws surrounding homosexuality since then has manifested itself creatively in a huge way, particularly with the visual campaigns by The Stonewall charity. The bold iconic posters are distributed throughout the world, specifically in public places and educational buildings. The impact of this being that the phrase “some people are gay get over it” is now commonplace within people's knowledge, thought provoking campaign material such a this increases the equality of homosexuality within society. This campaign has more recently emerged new material with the slogan “Some people are trans. get over it!”. The ever growing acceptance of gay and transgender people has created some negative backlash from certain people, particularly within christian groups. For example the group ‘Christian Doctrine’ discusses their opposition against the campaign; replacing the slogan with “Most people are not gay. Get over it!”. “Over It’!! Sadly, they take the godless view that people should be able to do whatever they want.” (Doctrine.C, 2010), through statements like this they clearly express that not everyone is open-minded about the topics raised which makes the campaign all the more relevant. The distribution of gay and transgender equality material will undoubtedly always turn heads and spark debate in certain social circles, but the appearance of it within the creative industries continues to influence acceptance and understanding.

Until recently most representation of transgender people within creative industries and public domain was satirical; for example the traditional pantomime dame considered a figure of hilarity. Gender roles are something integrated within our society and adhered to throughout advertising and film continuously. From the moment we're told the sex of our unborn babies the gender conformity begins; “You try to buy a gender-neutral gift only to find that almost everything manufactured is gender coded” (Girls.G, pg 11). Ever since the early 20th century children have been branded either one gender or another; leaving no room for fluidity or transition; the publicity of such followed through advertising creates a general conformity and further pressure to act and dress within the social limitations of your birth sex.

A highly debated recent example of the gender bias’ is within the recent limited edition re-branding of Kinder Surprise. The contents of the blue egg was toy cars, the pink was dolls. The divide between the companies appropriation of what our children should be playing with sparked debate on sexism within children's product; but the product also leaves no room or consideration for children who don't bind themselves by standard gender pro-nouns/colour roles.The exploration of gender further than male and female is something lesser explored within popular culture and the creative industries until recently. Recognition and acceptance through the coming out of celebrity figures such as Caitlin Jenner and the use of transgender characters & actors such as Jamie Clayton are beginning to bring further discussion into public domain. The creative industries attempts at broadening the minds and knowledge of the public include recent documentaries on topics such as transgender children (Transgender children - Louis Theroux) the appearance of such possibilities causes further concern towards the gender roles integrated into the design of products such as Kinder. Its steps forward like these creative outlets and media representations of gender struggles that are a brilliant example of good avenues that arguably resulted from the sexual revolution and its provocative campaigns to express all inner personal feelings no-matter how taboo they were considered at the time.

               “Everything I saw as a child, from 90210 to The Bridges of Madison County, had led me to    

               believe that sex was a cringey, warmly lit event where two smooth-skinned, gooey-eyed

               losers achieved mutual orgasm by breathing on each other’s faces” (Dunham.L pg.73)

The mis-representation of sexuality in the media from pornography to the soap operas we are exposed to as children hugely impacts the ‘norms’ of general culture in adult life;

          “there is going to be a new generation of adults who lost an important step

          in their sexual development and who have trouble, as young adults and later

          in life, integrating emotional attachment and love with sexual expression and

          sexual pleasure. Masters and Johnson did not call sex “the pleasure bond”

          for nothing.” (Zoldbrod.A)

The introduction of more realistic sex/sexuality whether it be via popular culture or standard education of non-binary & homosexual role models, the idea of feminism and the concept of sexual freedom and further revolution; rather than the scientific, non inclusive lessons past generations have been taught. 84% of homosexual characters within TV secum to a deadly end; this negative throw away attitude to these characters directly shows how although the general acceptance and changes in equality laws have improved there's still a long way to come before things become accurately and appropriately portrayed. The bodies of women being yet another unfortunate element that appears glamorized; hairless, toned and usually Photoshopped the negative connotations this has for young women's mental health is undeniable.

There's no hesitation regarding the fact the sexual revolution had many positive effects in liberating society and allowing women to embrace their sexual needs. Despite these changes issues created due to the changes are still negatively affecting modern day society. Arguments as to whether the sexual revolution was a success still arise but the real question should be; Is the sexual revolution over? The possibility of third wave feminism, movements forward regarding the acceptance of alternate genders, same sex marriage being legalised and the cultural appropriation of fetish are all examples of sexually revolutionary factors within contemporary culture. These attitudes are being translated poorly through the creative advertising industry and these avenues of popular media need adjust to enable mass social change, acceptance and an successfull sexual revolution to be ultimately complete. For example equal representation in film and TV could change the negative viewpoint often surrounding genderfluid and homosexual individuals; even just the representation of more honest sex rather than the clean cut romantic scenes were usually exposed to. Also a stop to the un-equal oversexualisation of women used to sell, objectify and place submissive guidelines. Possibly the key to a complete revolutionary society could lay in a new educational approach to us as sexual beings and the connotations of recognising this; possibly a flipped classroom or less drastic changes to the range of views and extent children are taught on the subject.

Bibliography

“She is not an autonomous being but an object for a man’s erotic needs, his comforts and for procreation”  Frankl, George. The Failure Of The Sexual Revolution. London: Kahn and Averill, 1974. Print. pg.140

  “Hello Guerrilla Girls or Guerrilla cunts. I have read your anti-white chauvinistic, sexist statements concerning men who far exceed your talents in painting. Why should we purchase your pms paintings? From what i’ve seen in some photos, your talents are truly lacking. Women love to downgrade men to compensate for their insecurities and weakness…”  Chadwick, Whitney. Confessions Of The Guerrilla Girls. New York: HarperPerennial, 1995. Print.

“The man is convinced that the woman needs him, that without him she will lose all moral control and rapidly descend to a deplorable level”

“Most men’s sexuality reveals a certain quantity of aggression, of the inclination to overpower”

“a fetishistic condition is required of the sexual object if the sexual goal is to be accomplished” Freud, Sigmund, Shaun Whiteside, and Sigmund Freud. Deviant Love. London: Penguin, 2007. Print.

“Over It’!! Sadly, they take the godless view that people should be able to do whatever they want.” Christian Doctrine (2010).Most People Are Not Gay - Get Over It!. Available at: http://christiandoctrine.com/your-life/students-and-youth/472-most-people-are-not-gay-get-over-it [Date accessed - January, 2016].

“You try to buy a gender-neutral gift only to find that almost everything manufactured is gender coded” girls, guerrilla. Bitches, Bimbos And Ballbreakers. New York: Penguin Group, 2003. Print.

“Everything I saw as a child, from 90210 to The Bridges of Madison County, had led me to    

               believe that sex was a cringey, warmly lit event where two smooth-skinned, gooey-eyed

               losers achieved mutual orgasm by breathing on each other’s faces”

“I became keenly aware that I was wearing a shirt and he was not. That didn’t seem fair.” Dunham, Lena. Not That Kind Of Girl. 2014 Print.

“That attitude towards gender works to diminish and narrow what women are and can become”

Sheila Levrant De Bretteville, Breuer, Gerda, and Julia Meer. Women In Graphic Design 1890-2012 =. Berlin: Jovis, 2012. Print.

“Same sex eroticism became a particular issue in art between the Stonewall rebellion in New York in 1969 and the first gay rights march in Washington in 1979” Mahon, Alyce. Eroticism & Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.

“Nowhere is this clearer than in advertising which has responded to feminist

                critiques by constructing a new figure to sell to young women: the sexually

                autonomous heterosexual young woman who plays with her sexual power

                and is forever 'up for it'.” - Gill, Rosalind, Postfeminist media culture: elements of a sensibility. European journal of cultural studies, 2007

“there is going to be a new generation of adults who lost an important step

          in their sexual development and who have trouble, as young adults and later

          in life, integrating emotional attachment and love with sexual expression and

          sexual pleasure. Masters and Johnson did not call sex “the pleasure bond”

          for nothing.”Zoldbrod, Dr.Aline. "Why A Sex Therapist Worries About Teens Viewing Internet Porn".commonhealth. N.p., 2016. Web. 23 Apr. 2016.

Other sources

Britain's biggest sexists

Sex diaries  

http://www.stonewall.org.uk/

http://christiandoctrine.com/your-life/students-and-youth/472-most-people-are-not-gay-get-over-it

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/kinder-surprise-in-stereotyping-row-over-pink-and-blue-eggs-8747331.html

https://vimeo.com/147551380

BBC 2, Transgender children - Louis Theroux

Lena Dunham - Not that kind of girl

~ Final outcomes ~

https://www.behance.net/gallery/36365923/Va-January 

I am really happy with the overall final outcome of this brief as it's all consistent in terms of colour sheme, type, stock and brand identity. It works together well as a campaign as a whole and successfully portrays its message.

This is a gif showing the final leaflet I printed on the Colour-plan candy pink stock; when folded it is a mysterious leaflet, the context becoming apparent when opened up. 

The 1st cover page (title) is acetate; allowing for an appealing professional finish. The title page then interacts with the underlying hair pattern (also printed on colorplan candy pink stock). It gives the cover and initial look of the zine another dimension; enticing people to look within.

For the inner spreads of the publication I used a matte 120gsm stock as this was just slightly thinner than the cover pages yet still a good thickness to feel high quality and be robust.

The posters were printed on the same stock as the inner pages of the zine, using the same coloured ink as the duotone images once again keeping the package consistent.

I also used the illustrations I produced as part of the brand identity and zines contents. I screen printed these onto t-shirts to accompany everything as part of a promotional package. The idea is individuals or establishments could buy packages and help spread the word; the money raised would go towards gaining awareness of the issues discussed in the campaign and essay.

Another promotional gif - tagline to be used on web platforms.

Lastly I produced underwear with the hair pattern (used on the front of the zine) screen printed on the front. The underwear acts as more promotional material for the cause; promoting the idea you can still be attractive with natural body hair.